Have you known Raden Adjeng Kartini ? Yaps, She is a great woman who ever lived in this country. She is our great mother, that should be our role model in our life.. She struggle her life for education, and through education, she became a great fighter for Indonesian nation, especially her ethnic group, “women”, for the rest of her life till the end.
Kartini is the mother of nation whose spirit always on fire, never extinguishable, and willing sacrifice her life for developing education and struggling the glory of women….
Here is about R. A. Kartini…. (source : http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartini#Referensi )
Raden Adjeng Raden Kartini (born in Jepara , Central Java , 21 April 1879 - died in Rembang , Central Java , 17 September 1904 at age 25 years) or actually more accurately called Raden Ayu Kartini was a prominent Javanese and Indonesian National Hero . Kartini is known as a pioneer of the rise of female natives .
Biography
Kartini's father, RM Sosroningrat.
Adjeng Raden Kartini is one of the aristocratic or noble class of Java, the daughter of Raden Mas Sosroningrat Duke Ario, the regent of Jepara . She is the daughter of first wife, but not the main wife. His mother named MA Ngasirah, daughter of Nyai Haji Siti Aminah and Kyai Haji Madirono, a religion teacher at Telukawur, Jepara. From his father's side, the genealogy can be traced to Kartini Hamengkubuwana VI .
Kartini's father at the beginning was a Wedana in Mayong . Regulation of the colonial period it requires a regent to be married to a nobleman. Because the MA is not the duke Ngasirah [2] , then her father married again with Raden Adjeng Woerjan (Moerjam), a direct descendant of King of Madura. After the marriage, Kartini's father was appointed the regent of Jepara, replacing the biological father Woerjan RA, RAA Tjitrowikromo.
Kartini was the son of the 5th of 11 siblings and stepfather. Of all siblings, Kartini was the eldest daughter. His grandfather, Prince Ario Tjondronegoro IV, was appointed regent at the age of 25 years. Kartini's older brother, Sosrokartono , is an intelligent person in the field of language. Until the age of 12 years, Kartini allowed to attend school in the ELS (Europese Lagere School). Here, among others, Kartini learn the Dutch language . But after 12 years of age, he should stay at home because it could be secluded.
Because Kartini could speak Dutch, then at home he began to study himself and writing letters to friends correspondence originating from the Netherlands . One is Rosa Abendanon a lot of support them. From books, newspapers, and magazines of Europe, Kartini interested in the advancement of women think European. Arise desire to promote indigenous women, because he saw that indigenous women are at a low social status.
Kartini read a lot of Semarang newspaper De Locomotief who nurtured Pieter Brooshooft , he also received leestrommel (package bookstore magazine circulated to the subscription). Among them there are magazines of culture and science are quite heavy, there is also a Dutch women's magazine De Hollandsche Lelie. Kartini was then several times to send his writings and published in De Hollandsche Lelie. From his letters seem Kartini read everything with great attention, while taking notes. Sometimes called Kartini one essay or quote a few sentences. His concern is not merely a matter of the emancipation of women, but also a general social problem. Kartini saw women struggle to gain freedom, autonomy and legal equality as part of a broader movement. Among the books read Kartini before the age of 20, there is the title of Max Havelaar and Love Letters by Multatuli , who in November 1901 was read two times. Then De Stille Kraacht (Power of Invisibility) by Louis Coperus. Then the work of high quality Van Eeden, Augusta de Witt's work is mediocre, roman-feminist work of Mrs. Goekoop de-Jong Van Beek and an anti-war novel written by Berta von Suttner, Die Waffen Nieder (Put Weapons). Everything is in Dutch.
By her parents, Kartini was married to the regents ordered Apex , Send last Duke Ario Singgih Djojo Adhiningrat, who had had three wives. Kartini married on 12 November 1903 . Her husband understood Kartini Kartini and desires are given the freedom to establish schools and supported women in the east gate of Apex district office complex, or in a building that is now used as a Boy Scout Building .
Kartini Schools (Kartinischool), 1918.
The first and last child at the same time, RM Soesalit, born on 13 September 1904 . A few days later, 17 September 1904 , Kartini died at the age of 25 years. Kartini was buried in Bulu Village, Kecamatan Bulu , Apex .
Thanks to his perseverance Kartini, then established School for Women by Kartini Foundation in Semarang in 1912 , and later in Surabaya , Yogyakarta , Malang , Madiun , Cirebon and other areas. The name of the school is " Kartini schools . " Kartini Foundation was founded by the family Van Deventer , a figure the Ethical Policy .
Letters
After Kartini died, Mr. JH Abendanon collect and record the letters RA Kartini had sent to his friends in Europe. Abendanon time was serving as Minister of Culture, Religion, and Crafts Dutch East Indies . The book was entitled Door Duisternis tot Licht which literally means "From Darkness Towards Light '. The book collection of Kartini's letters was published in 1911 . This book is printed five times, and at last there is an additional mold Kartini's letters.
In 1922, Balai Pustaka published in Malay with the title of which translates into Out Dark Light: Boeah Mind, which is a translation by the Four Brothers. Then in 1938, out Out Dark Light version Armijn Pane a man of letters a New Doctor . Armijn dividing the book into five chapters the discussion to indicate a change in thinking all the time Kartini correspondence. This version was printed as many as eleven times. Kartini's letters in English has also been translated by Agnes L. Symmers. In addition, Kartini's letters also been translated into languages of Javanese and Sundanese.
The publication of Kartini's letters, a native woman, very interesting Dutch society, and Kartini's ideas began to change the view of Dutch society against indigenous women in Java. Kartini's ideas contained in his letters are also an inspiration to the figures of national awakening of Indonesia, among others, WR Soepratman who created a song called Kartini Our Mother.
Thought
On Kartini's letters written his thoughts about the social conditions at the time, especially about the condition of indigenous women. Most of his letters contain complaints, especially regarding the culture in Java, which is seen as a barrier to women's advancement. He wanted her to have the freedom to study and learn. Kartini wrote of ideas and ideals, such as written: Zelf-ontwikkeling, and Zelf-onderricht, Zelf-vertrouwen and Zelf-werkzaamheid and also Solidariteit. All of that on the basis of Religieusiteit, Wijsheid en Schoonheid (ie Godhead, Wisdom and Beauty), coupled with humanitarianism (humanity) and Nationalism (unpatriotic).
Kartini's letters also contains a hope to obtain help from outside. In the introduction to Estelle "Stella" Zeehandelaar, Kartini reveals desire to become like the European youth. He described the suffering of Javanese women due to traditional confines, that is not free to sit in school, must be secluded, married to a man unknown, and must be willing dimadu.
Other critical views expressed in her letters Kartini is a criticism of religion. He questioned why the Bible should be recited and memorized with no obligation to be understood. He expressed the view that the world will be more peaceful if there is no religion that are often a reason for people to quarrel, separate, and hurt each other. "... Religion should keep us from sin, but how many sins done in the name of religion ..." Kartini question about religion which is used as justification for men to polygamy. For Kartini, the suffering was complete Javanese women whose world was limited to the walls of the house.
Kartini's letters reveal much about the constraints that must be faced when women aspire to be more advanced Java. Despite having a father who considered advanced because it has to send their daughters even if only until the age of 12 years, it still closed the door to go there. Kartini loved her father, but turned out to love for the father was also eventually become a big obstacle in realizing the ideals. The father in the letter also disclosed so loved the Kartini. He noted finally allowed Kartini to learn to be a teacher in Batavia , even though previously not allowed Kartini to continue their studies in the Netherlands or to enter medical school in Batavia.
Kartini's desire to continue their studies, mainly to Europe, it was revealed in his letters. Some friends of his pen to support and strive to accomplish the desire of Kartini. When finally Kartini's desire to cancel it almost materialized, it was revealed the disappointment of the friends of his pen. Intention and plan to learn the Dutch would eventually move to Batavia only after advised by Mrs Abendanon that this was the best for Kartini and her sister Rukmini.
In mid-1903 when aged about 24 years, the intention to continue his studies to become a teacher in Batavia were dashed. In a letter to Mrs Abendanon, Kartini reveal no intention of again because he was getting married. "... Short and short course, that I am not going to use that opportunity again, because I was going to marry ..." And then the Dutch teaching department has opened doors of opportunity for Kartini and Rukmini to study at Batavia.
Just before her marriage, there is a change in customs valuation Kartini about Java. He became more tolerant. He considers the marriage will bring a distinct advantage in realizing the desire to establish a school for native women at the time. In her letters, Kartini mentioned that her husband not only supported his desire to develop Jepara carving and a school for female natives , but also mentioned for Kartini could write a book.
Changes in thinking this Kartini implying that he was more off his ego and become a man who gave priority to transcendence, that when Kartini almost get his dream to go to school in Batavia, he prefers to sacrifice to follow the principle of patriarchy which has been opposed, that is married to the Duke of Apex.
Books
- Out Dark Light
The cover of the book version Armijn Pane.
In 1922 , the Four Brothers , Door Duisternis Tot Licht presented in Malay with the title Dark Light Out; Boeah Mind. The book was published by Balai Pustaka . Armijn Pane , one literary pioneer new poet , noted as one of his translators Kartini's letters to the After Dark Light. He was also touted as the Four Brothers.
In 1938 , the book Dark Light Out reissued in a different format with books translated from Door Duisternis Tot Licht. Book Pane Armijn translation was printed as many as eleven times. In addition, Kartini's letters also been translated into Javanese and Sundanese . Armijn Pane presents Kartini's letters in a format different from previous books. He divided the collection of these letters into five chapters discussion. The division is he doing to show the existence of stages or changes in attitude and thinking during the corresponding Kartini. In the new version of the book, Armijn Pane also shrunk the number of Kartini's letters. There are only 87 letters Kartini in "Out Dark Light". The cause is not publishing the entire letter is in reference books Duisternis Door Tot Licht, are there similarities in several letters. Another reason is to keep the storyline to be like a romance. According Armijn Pane, Kartini's letters can be read as a novel of women's lives. It also became one explanation why these letters he divided into five chapters discussion.
- Kartini's letters, Reflections on and for the nation
Kartini's letters also translated by Sulastin Sutrisno . At first Sulastin translate Door Duisternis Tot Licht at the University of Leiden , the Netherlands, as he continued his study in the field of literature in 1972 . One of his lecturers at Leiden ask Sulastin to translate the book is a collection of Kartini's letters. The purpose of the lecturer is for Sulastin can master the Dutch language with quite perfect. Then, in 1979 , a book containing the translation of the full version Sulastin Sutrisno Door Duisternis Tot Licht was published.
The book collection of letters Sutrisno Sulastin version published under the title of Kartini's letters, Reflections on and for their nation. According Sulastin, the title should be according to Dutch translation is: "The letters Kartini, Meditations About and For Java Nation." Sulastin rate, although written Java, which didamba Kartini is progress indeed by the whole nation of Indonesia.
Book translation even want to present a complete Sulastin Kartini's letters that have to Door Duisternis Tot Licht. Besides published in Kartini's Letters, Reflections on and for the nation, translation Sulastin Sutrisno also used in the book Kartini's letters to Mrs. RM Abendanon-Mandri and her husband.
- Letters from Kartini, An Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904
Another book that contains the translation of Kartini's letters are Letters from Kartini, An Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904. Interpreter is Joost Cote. He does not just translate the letters that exist in the Door Duisternis Tot Licht Abendanon version. Joost Cote also translated all the original letters Kartini on Mrs Abendanon-Mandri latest findings. In the book translation Joost Cote, could be found the letters that are categorized as sensitive and not on the Door Duisternis Tot Licht Abendanon version. According to Joost Cote, the whole struggle Kartini and counteraction to him it was time to reveal.
Book Letters from Kartini, An Indonesian Feminist 1900-1904 contains 108 Kartini's letters to Mrs. Manuela Rosa Abendanon-Mandri and her husband JH Abendanon. These include: 46 letter made Rukmini, Kardinah, Kartinah, and Soematrie.
- Call Me Kartini Only
Cover Only Call Me Kartini, compiled by Pramoedya Ananta Toer .
In addition to a collection of letters, reading is more focused on the idea Kartini also published. One is the Call Me Kartini Only works of Pramoedya Ananta Toer . Books Call Me Kartini Only seen is the result of collecting data from various sources by Pramoedya.
- Kartini's letters to Mrs. RM Abendanon-Mandri and her husband
Late in 1987, Sulastin Sutrisno give a new picture about through books Kartini Kartini's letters to Mrs. RM Abendanon-Mandri and her husband. Previous picture was formed more than a collection of letters written to Abendanon, published in the Door Duisternis Tot Licht.
Kartini emancipation presented as a very advanced fighter in the way of thinking than the women of his time Java. In a letter dated 27 October 1902 , cited that Kartini wrote to Mrs Abendanon that he has started eating meat abstinence, even after several years prior to the letter, which indicates that Kartini was a vegetarian . [3] In that collection, Kartini's letters always cut the beginning and end. In fact, the part that shows the intimacy Kartini to Abendanon. Many other things recalled by Sulastin Sutrisno.
- I Want ... Feminism and Nationalism. Kartini's letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899-1903
A book is a collection of letters to Stella Zeehandelaar period 1899-1903 was published to commemorate 100 years of death. Its contents show another face of Kartini. Collection of Kartini's letters were collected Dr Joost Cote, translated under the title I Want ... Feminism and Nationalism. Kartini's letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899-1903.
"I Want ..." is the motto of Kartini. Piece of expression it represents a figure that had never been seen and used as discussion material. Kartini talked about many things: social, cultural, religious, and even corruption.
Controversy
Kartini's Day Celebration in 1953.
There are circles who doubts the truth of Kartini's letters. There are allegations JH Abendanon, the Minister of Culture, Religion, and Crafts at the time of, Kartini's letters. These suspicions arose because Kartini's book was published during the Dutch colonial administration to run an ethical policy in the Netherlands East Indies , and Abendanon including stakeholders and support the ethical politics. Until now, even most of the original manuscript was known to exist. According to the late Sulastin Sutrisno, trace any descendants of JH Abendanon difficult to trace the Dutch Government.
Determination of Kartini's birth date as the big day is somewhat moot. Those who do not so agree, suggested that not only celebrate Kartini Day, but at the same time with Mother's Day celebration on December 22 . The reason they are so as not to choose love with the heroes of other Indonesian women, because there are still other heroine who is no less intense with Kartini such as Cut , Martha Christina Tiahahu , Dewi Sartika and so they lain.Menurut, Kartini's struggle territory only in Jepara and the Apex course, Kartini also never bear arms against the invaders. His pro against polygamy is also contrary to the views of feminists about the meaning of female emancipation. And various other reasons. Party pros say that Kartini is not only a figure that raised the degree of female emancipation of women from Indonesia alone, but is a national leader, that is, with new ideas and reforms that he had fought for the interests of their nation. The way he thought was surrounding the national struggle.
Warnings
Kartini Day
RA Kartini Mausoleum in Fur, Apex .
President Sukarno of Indonesia issued Presidential Decree No.108 of 1964, dated 2 May 1964 , which established a National Hero Kartini as well as set the birthday of Kartini, dated April 21, to be observed every year as the big day which became known as Kartini Day. 
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